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Evidentials
An evidential is an indication of the speaker’s “opinion” in an utterance. It is often used to mark the degree of proof/probability of the action.
For instance, let’s have a look at Eastern Pomo, a language from the Pomo family in North America.
The stem pʰa•békʰ means “burnt” in a perfective state. The following suffixes can be added to the stem:
pʰa•békʰ-ink’e “burnt”, as the speaker feels the burn. The final suffix marks a sensatio.
pʰa•bék-ine “[it] must have burned” ; the speaker makes a deduction based on a hint. The suffix marks a conclusion, an inference.
pʰa•békʰ-•le “they said it burned”: the speaker repeats what has been said. The suffix marks a reported sentence.
pʰa•bék-a “I know that it burned”: the speaker has direct proof. The suffix marks an unquestionable, obvious fact.