{"id":62468,"date":"2011-12-08T09:56:35","date_gmt":"2011-12-08T08:56:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.sorosoro.org\/?page_id=62468"},"modified":"2011-12-18T08:07:06","modified_gmt":"2011-12-18T07:07:06","slug":"kalina","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.sorosoro.org\/en\/kalina\/","title":{"rendered":"Kali\u2019na"},"content":{"rendered":"

Details collected by the Latin Union<\/a> who work to promote the cultural heritage of its 37 member countries. <\/em><\/p>\n

Details about the Kali\u2019na language<\/h5>\n

Alternative names<\/strong>: Galibi, Kali\u00f1a, Carib, Kari\u00f1a, Maraworno.<\/p>\n

The name \u201cGalibi\u201d, which comes from the colonial period, is considered out-dated and is universally rejected (it was used to denote all Carib populations indiscriminately). We stick to the spelling used by the Kali\u2019na of French Guyana.<\/p>\n

Where it is spoken<\/strong>: Kali\u2019na is spoken very widely – all along the north-eastern coast of South America. This encompasses 5 countries: Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, French Guyana and Brazil (along the Oyapock). It is said that the Kali\u2019na people migrated there from the Mana region of French Guyana in the 1950s.<\/p>\n

Classification<\/strong>: Kali\u2019na is considered to be one of the central branches of the Family of Carib Languages<\/a>. Study of Kali\u2019na has played an important role in the genetic classification of the Cariban language family.<\/p>\n

Main dialects<\/strong>: According to Lescure (1988), there are two groups of Kali\u2019na dialects: the eastern dialect (of French Guyana and eastern Surinam), and the western dialect (going from Venezuela to western Surinam).<\/p>\n

Number of speakers<\/strong>: Around 10,000.<\/p>\n

Note: In French Guyana, the Federation of Amerindian Organizations of French Guyana estimates up to of 4,000 speakers. According to F. and P. Grenand, there are 2,800 Kali\u2019na (who do not all speak the language). Elsewhere, there are 11,150 Kali\u2019na in Venezuela, of whom only 30% speak the language (1992 census) and 3,000 Kali\u2019na in Guyana of whom 80% are speakers (according to J. Forte). There are no figures available for Surinam, and there are only about forty speakers in Brazil. There are also Kali\u2019na immigrants in the Netherlands. The total number of Kali\u2019na is around 20,000 to 25,000 people (but according to F. and P. Grenand, the number of people who really speak the language well does not exceed 10,000).<\/em><\/p>\n

Status of the language<\/strong>: No official status.<\/p>\n

Vitality and transmission<\/strong>: According to UNESCO, Kali\u2019na is an endangered language. How much vitality there is varies according to the country of the speakers, again according to UNESCO.<\/p>\n

In Venezuela, according to Fabre (2005), all speakers are bilingual (Kali\u2019na\/Spanish). We don\u2019t know exactly how many Kali\u2019na still speak the language, but it seems like it is currently being abandoned in favour of Spanish.<\/p>\n

We know little about the vitality of Kali\u2019na in Guyana and Surinam. In French Guyana, only a part of the Kali\u2019na population speaks the language. The situation of the language varies widely according to different communities: in Awala-Yalimapo the language is still transmitted, while in other places, such as Bellevue-Yanou, there is a tendency to abandon the language in favour of Guayanese Creole, or French, as is the case in Kourou. In Surinam, it is being abandoned in favour of Srnan Tongo, the local creole.<\/p>\n

Media<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

Newspapers: Oka Mag\u2019 (a newsletter reporting Amerindian events, essentially those of the Kali\u2019na, written in French, but containing a story in Kali\u2019na in each edition).<\/p>\n

Radio: Epanamatoko (programme of a few minutes length broadcast on RFO)<\/p>\n

Education<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

Until 2009 there were bilingual lessons in culture in the Yanamale School in Awala-Yalimapo, French Guyana.<\/p>\n

\n

Ethnographical observations<\/h5>\n

The Kali\u2019na, like other peoples from the same linguistic family, probably originate from the outlying region of Mount Roraima (Brazil and Venezuela) but they lived on the coast during their first contact with the Europeans in the 16th century. From the start of colonialisation, their language was of interest to chroniclers, travellers and missionaries who left behind grammars, vocabularies and rules.<\/p>\n

\n

Sociolinguistic observations<\/h5>\n

Many different spellings are used, depending on the country. Venezuela\u2019s is notoriously erratic, in Surinam it is better but has the disadvantage of being heavily based on the spelling of Dutch. The majority of Kali\u2019na in French Guyana adopted an internationalised version in 1997.<\/p>\n

\n

Linguistic observations<\/h5>\n

Eastern Kali\u2019na, the variant of the Kali\u2019na language spoken in French Guyana, has 6 vowels (of which one is a closed central unrounded vowel, written with a y, \u00ef, or i, the latter being preferred at the moment) and 12 consonants (one of which is glottal, denoted by an apostrophe, and a lateral retroflex spelled with an r or l, the latter again being the most common). There is systematic progressive palatalization (palatalization of the consonant following an \/i\/), and voicing of stop consonants \/p\/, \/t\/ and \/k\/ in certain contexts. There are wide variations in these according to geography and age.<\/p>\n

Morphology is very complex, something which Kali\u2019na shares with other languages of the same family. Many morphophonological phenomena can be found at the limits of the morphemes inside the word (vocalic harmony, consonant assimilation, vocalic alternations, syllable reductions).<\/p>\n

In the word, prefixes generally indicate the person or the change of the valency (reflected form, intransitivization of the verb) and the suffixes indicate the number, the possessive relationship, the time-aspect-mode aspect or the changes of grammatical class.<\/p>\n

Verbs are divided into transitive and intransitive. In transitive verbs, the personal prefixes mark the subject when the interlocutors (1st, 2nd inclusive 1st person \u201cyou and me\u201d) act on the 3rd object (person): m-eyukui you invited her (where m- marks a 2nd subject pronoun with a 3rd object pronoun). The hierarchy of people is neutralised in the event of interaction between interlocutors: k-ayukui I invited you or you invited me; in this case of a 3rd person acting towards a 3rd person, it is the object that is marked: n-eyukui he\/she invited him\/her. Intransitive verbs are divided into two subclasses, of which each one takes one of the series of personal markers of the transitive verbs: thus m-aimokii you took, but ay-auwai is you laughed. This split from intransitivity is characteristic of many Cariban languages, in which we can also find a parallel between the markers of people prefixed onto the verbs, to nouns, and to postpositions, thus ay-emali your path, ay-apolito next to you.<\/p>\n

Nouns are either alienable (they can be possessed or not), or inalienable (always possessed): for parts of the body, parenting terms, personal possessions like the hammock, small bench, weapon, carrying basket, pet\u2026) Sometimes there is suppletion, for example small bench mule, but ay-aponi your small bench.<\/p>\n

The syntax of simple declarations is constructed following subject-object-verb or object-verb-subject (with a close similarity between the object and the verb), elements around which circonstants can appear. Possessive nouns have the determinant (possessor)-determined (possessed) relationship, for example maina apolito next to the sweet bread. Negation is made with the help of a copula (\u201cto be\u201d) and the adverbialised verb: auwa\u2019pa I do not laugh, literally \u201cnot-laughing I am\u201d.<\/p>\n

Numerous modal particles, indicating the degree of engagement of the speaker with relation to what he is saying, are always placed in the second position in the statement, while non-modal particles are found immediately after the verb, noun or noun group, postpositional group or adverb of which they specify the meaning. Subordination is generally constructed by nominalized verbs.<\/p>\n

\n

Sources<\/h5>\n

D\u00e9l\u00e9gation g\u00e9n\u00e9rale \u00e0 la langue fran\u00e7aise et aux langues de France<\/a><\/p>\n

IRD-Guyane, CNRS-CELIA<\/a> (Eliane CAMARGO, Laurence GOURY, Fran\u00e7oise GRENAND, Pierre GRENAND, Michel LAUNEY, Odile LESCURE, Fran\u00e7oise LOE-MIE, Barbara NIEDERER, Marie-France PATTE, Francisco QUEIXALOS)<\/p>\n

Fabre, Alain. 2005. Diccionario etnoling\u00fc\u00edstico y gu\u00eda bibliogr\u00e1fica de los pueblos ind\u00edgenas sudamericanos<\/em>. Consultable en ligne<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Renaut-Lescure, Odile. 2010. “Guyana Francesa”. In Atlas socioling\u00fc\u00edstico de pueblos ind\u00edgenas en Am\u00e9rica Latina<\/a><\/em>, UNICEF. Tome 1, Pp 380-394.<\/p>\n

\n

Links<\/h5>\n

Page dedicated to Kali\u2019na on the Linguam\u00f3n<\/em> website<\/a><\/p>\n

Page dedicated to Kali\u2019na on Le corpus de la parole<\/em> wesbsite<\/a><\/p>\n

Pages dedicated to \u201cGalibi de l\u2019oyapock\u201d (Kali\u2019na in Br\u00e9sil) on the site of the ISA, Povos Ind\u00edgenas no Brasil<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n

Oka.Mag\u2019 Website<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

Bibliography<\/h5>\n

Alby, Sophie 2001. Contacts de langues en Guyane fran\u00e7aise: une description du parler bilingue kali\u2019na-fran\u00e7ais<\/em>.Th\u00e8se de Doctorat. Lyon: Universit\u00e9 de Lyon II.<\/p>\n

Alby, Sophie 2002. “Morts des langues ou changement linguistique? Contact entre le kali\u2019na et le fran\u00e7ais dans le discours bilingue d\u2019un groupe d\u2019enfants kali\u2019naphones en Guyane fran\u00e7aise”. Les Cahiers du RIFAL. D\u00e9veloppement linguistique: enjeux et perspectives<\/em>. Bruxelles.<\/p>\n

Gildea, Spike 1994. “Semantic and pragmatic inverse: ‘inverse alignment’ and ‘inverse voice’ in Carib of Surinam”. In T. Giv\u00f3n (ed.), Voice and inversion<\/em>: 187-230. Amsterdam.<\/p>\n

Mosonyi, Jorge C. 2002. Diccionario b\u00e1sico del idioma kari\u00f1a<\/em>. Barcelona: Fondo Editorial del Caribe.<\/p>\n

Renault-Lescure, Odile. 1985. “Les Galibi. La question am\u00e9rindienne en Guyane”. Ethnies<\/em> 1\/2: 19-20.<\/p>\n

Renault-Lescure, Odile.1991. “Contacts interlinguistiques entre le Karib et les cr\u00e9oles des c\u00f4tes guyanaises”. \u00c9tudes Cr\u00e9oles<\/em> 13\/2: 86-94.<\/p>\n

Renault-Lescure, Odile. 2001. “Dynamique des relations actancielles en kali\u2019na de Guyane fran\u00e7aise”. Amerindia<\/em> 26\/27: 67-86. Par\u00eds.<\/p>\n

Please see the Atlas socioling\u00fc\u00edstico de pueblos ind\u00edgenas en Am\u00e9rica Latina<\/a><\/em> and Fabre (2005)<\/a> for a more complete bibliography.<\/p>\n

\n

\n

\n

Translated into English by Benjamin Dennis<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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