{"id":60250,"date":"2011-10-31T08:56:34","date_gmt":"2011-10-31T07:56:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.sorosoro.org\/?page_id=60250"},"modified":"2011-10-31T09:00:04","modified_gmt":"2011-10-31T08:00:04","slug":"kadiweu","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.sorosoro.org\/en\/kadiweu\/","title":{"rendered":"Kadiw\u00e9u"},"content":{"rendered":"

Information collected by UNICEF<\/em><\/p>\n

Data on the Kadiw\u00e9u language<\/h5>\n

Alternative names<\/strong>: Kaduveo, Caduveo, Kadiv\u00e9u, Kadiveo, Mbaya, Caduceo, Ejiwajigi, Goniwoladi ejiwajegi.<\/p>\n

The name \u201cKadiw\u00e9u\u201d (with its many spellings) is the one most frequently used, and is probably of Tupi origin. \u201cEjiwajigi\u201d corresponds to the auto-ethnonym, and \u201cGoniwoladi ejiwajegi\u201d means \u201cour Kadiw\u00e9u language\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n

Main dialects<\/strong>: There are two main variants of Kadiw\u00e9u, in which the way of speaking of men and women differs. These two variants can be identified phonologically. For example, to address another man, a man would use \u201cgoniwtagodi\u201d, whereas a woman would use \u201cgoniwaagodi\u201d.<\/p>\n

Classification<\/strong>: Guaycuruan family<\/a>, Mbaya branch.<\/p>\n

Kadiw\u00e9u is a descendant of the Mbaya language, and is its last representative. Kadiw\u00e9u is the Guaicuruan family\u2019s only living language not to belong to its southern branch, which contains Pilag\u00e1, Toba and Mocov\u00ed.<\/em><\/p>\n

Where it is spoken<\/strong>: Brazil, in the southern state of Mato Grosso do Sul. Kadiw\u00e9u Indigenous Territory, in the municipality of Porto Murtinho.<\/p>\n

Situated in the Pantanal (the Brazilian part of the Gran Chaco), the natural borders of Kadiw\u00e9u territory are formed to the west by the Paraguay River and the Nabileque River, to the east by the Serra da Bodoquena National Park, to the north by the Neutaka River, and to the south by the Aquidavao River.<\/p>\n

Bodoquena is the main village of the Indigenous Territory, where three other villages can also be found: Campina, Tomazia and Sao Joao. Sao Joao is mainly inhabited by the Terena and Guana\/Kinikinau ethnic groups.<\/p>\n

Kadiw\u00e9u is the only Guaicuruan language spoken east of the Paraguay River. The other Guaicuruan languages are spoken in the Argentinian and Paraguayan parts of the Gran Chaco.<\/p>\n

Number of speakers<\/strong>: the Kadiw\u00e9u population stands at 1,629, according to FUNASA (2006). However, this figure probably comprises the entire population of the Kadiw\u00e9u Indigenous Territory, which means that it could include Terena and Guana\/Kinikinau communities living there too. According to Linguam\u00f3n<\/em>, the Kadiw\u00e9u population itself is about 1,000.<\/p>\n

There are no figures available on the number of speakers, but according to Pechincha (1999), the language is spoken by the whole of the Kadiw\u00e9u population, with a significant rate of monolingualism among women and the elderly. The non-Kadiw\u00e9u population living in the Kadiw\u00e9u Indigenous Territory have a partial knowledge (that is to say at least passive) of the language.<\/p>\n

Status of the language<\/strong>: No official status<\/p>\n

Education<\/strong>: According to Linguam\u00f3n<\/em>, it is indigenous teachers who take responsibility for primary education in villages.<\/p>\n

Vitality and transmission<\/strong>: Kadiw\u00e9u is an endangered language according to the criteria of UNESCO.<\/p>\n

Even if it seems that the language has been well transmitted up to now, younger generations are increasingly bilingual (Kadiw\u00e9u\/Portuguese). The fact that the Kadiw\u00e9u population is small gives cause for concern as to the future of the language in the medium term.<\/p>\n

\n

Historical and ethnographical observations<\/h5>\n

The Kadiw\u00e9u are the descendants of the last Mbaya \u201chorde\u201d to have survived, those who were the last to have crossed the Paraguay River to settle on its east bank. In the eighteenth century, signs of a Mbayan horde can be found living on the banks of a river called the \u201cCadigugi\u201d, all of which leads us to believe that this horde are the ancestors of the Kadiw\u00e9u people of today. The last surviving Mbaya horde could be found in the middle of the nineteenth century.<\/p>\n

Known as \u201c\u00edndios cavaleiros\u201d (\u201chorsemen Indians\u201d), they adopted the horse and integrated it into their way of life as soon as it appeared in South America, having been brought over by the Conquistadors. They had large herds of them.<\/p>\n

The Mbaya were a warrior people, whose survival was dependent on raids carried out on neighbouring populations, particularly Arawak populations like the Chamacoco or the Terena. They were organised in a hierarchical society composed of social classes ranging from \u201cnobility\u201d at one end to \u201ccaptives\u201d at the other. The \u201ccaptives\u201d played a central role in society, particularly female captives who were used for reproductive purposes. Mbaya women only rarely gave birth, and often only had one child during their lifetime. They dedicated themselves to body and face painting, and their complex and elaborate designs made Kadiw\u00e9u culture famous. Claude L\u00e9vi-Strauss reflected on the richness of the geometric elements of these paintings and devoted a chapter of his book Tristes tropiques<\/em> (available in English as A World on the Wane<\/em>) (1955) to the Kadiw\u00e9u (who he calls Caduv\u00e9o). He considered these geometric elements to be characteristic of hierarchical societies. These paintings were, in effect, the domain of the \u201cnobles\u201d, considered to be the \u201ctrue Kadiw\u00e9u\u201d.<\/p>\n

The hierarchical distinction between the Kadiw\u00e9u (nobles) and the captives remains in Kadiw\u00e9u society to this day, particularly in their relations with the Terena, and the Guana\/Kinikinau who live in the Kadiw\u00e9u Indigenous Territory.<\/p>\n

The Kadiw\u00e9u fought alongside the Brazilians during the Paraguayan War (1865-70) and take great pride in their military exploits during this period.<\/p>\n

They consider recognition of their territory as just reward for their services during this war. In fact, it was one of the first territories to have been allocated to an indigenous community by the Brazilian state.<\/p>\n

Despite everything, definition and allocation of this territory took time, and was not without conflict with the farmers who had settled there. The current borders of the territory date from 1981, a period that was marked by violent disputes with neighbouring inhabitants or those living on land falling within the frontiers of the new territory. A Kadiw\u00e9u village, Xat\u00ealodo, found itself outside the borders of the new Indigenous Territory.<\/p>\n

For more information on the Kadiw\u00e9u people, please consult the pages devoted to them on the excellent website Povos Ind\u00edgenas no Brasil<\/em><\/a> (in English and Portuguese), as well as, of course, Tristes tropiques<\/em> by Claude Levi-Strauss.<\/p>\n

\n

Sources<\/h5>\n

De Castro Alves, Fl\u00e1via (2010).\u00a0Brasil no Amaz\u00f3nico<\/em>. In \u00ab Atlas socioling\u00fc\u00edstico de pueblos ind\u00edgenas en Am\u00e9rica Latina<\/a> \u00bb, UNICEF. Tome 1, pp 265-280.<\/p>\n

Fabre, Alain. 2005. Diccionario etnoling\u00fc\u00edstico y gu\u00eda bibliogr\u00e1fica de los pueblos ind\u00edgenas sudamericanos<\/em>.\u00a0Available online<\/a> [18\/05\/2011]<\/p>\n

\n

Online sources<\/h5>\n

Information collected by UNICEF on Kadiw\u00e9u<\/a> [18\/05\/2011]<\/p>\n

Pages devoted to the Kadiweu people on the\u00a0Povos Ind\u00edgenas no Brasil<\/em> website<\/a> [18\/05\/2011]<\/p>\n

Page devoted to Kadiweu on the\u00a0Linguam\u00f3n<\/em> website<\/a> [18\/05\/2011]<\/p>\n

\n

Further bibliography<\/h5>\n

Griffiths, Glyn. 2002. Dicion\u00e1rio da l\u00edngua Kadiw\u00e9u. Kadiw\u00e9u-Portugu\u00eas, Portugu\u00eas-Kadiw\u00e9u<\/em>. Cuiab\u00e1, MT: Summer Institute of Linguistics.<\/p>\n

L\u00e9vi-Strauss, C.1955. Tristes Tropiques<\/em>, Paris, Plomb.<\/p>\n

Ribeiro, D. 1948. Sistema familial kadu\u00e9u<\/em>. Revista do Museu Paulista, 2: 175-192.<\/p>\n

Ribeiro, D. 1950. Kadiw\u00e9u: Ensaios etnol\u00f3gicos sobre o saber, o azar e a beleza<\/em>. Petr\u00f3polis: Vozes.<\/p>\n

Sandalo, F. 1995. A Grammar of Kadiw\u00e9u<\/em>. Ph.D. diss., University of Pittsburgh.<\/p>\n

Soares Pechincha, M.T. 1999. Kadiweu<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

\n

Please see the Atlas socioling\u00fc\u00edstico de pueblos ind\u00edgenas en Am\u00e9rica Latina<\/a><\/em> and Fabre (2005)<\/a> for a more complete reading list<\/p>\n

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Information collected by UNICEF Data on the Kadiw\u00e9u language Alternative names: Kaduveo, Caduveo, Kadiv\u00e9u, Kadiveo, Mbaya, Caduceo, Ejiwajigi, Goniwoladi ejiwajegi. The name \u201cKadiw\u00e9u\u201d (with its many spellings) is the one most frequently used, and is probably of Tupi origin. \u201cEjiwajigi\u201d corresponds to the auto-ethnonym, and \u201cGoniwoladi ejiwajegi\u201d means \u201cour Kadiw\u00e9u language\u201d. Main dialects: There are […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-60250","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nKadiw\u00e9u - Sorosoro<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sorosoro.org\/en\/kadiweu\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Kadiw\u00e9u - Sorosoro\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Information collected by UNICEF Data on the Kadiw\u00e9u language Alternative names: Kaduveo, Caduveo, Kadiv\u00e9u, Kadiveo, Mbaya, Caduceo, Ejiwajigi, Goniwoladi ejiwajegi. 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