{"id":60167,"date":"2011-10-27T17:27:24","date_gmt":"2011-10-27T15:27:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.sorosoro.org\/?page_id=60167"},"modified":"2011-10-31T10:48:56","modified_gmt":"2011-10-31T09:48:56","slug":"parintintin","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.sorosoro.org\/en\/parintintin\/","title":{"rendered":"Parintintin"},"content":{"rendered":"

Data collected by UNICEF<\/em><\/p>\n

Data on the Parintintin language<\/h5>\n

Alternative names<\/strong>: Kagwahiv, Kawahib, Cabahyba, Tupi-Kawahib<\/p>\n

“Kagwahiv” means “us, our people”; it is the self-designation shared by several groups living on the middle and upper-Rio Madeira, and in the center of the state of Rond\u00f4nia. The group furthest north is usually designated under the name “Parintintin” \u2013 probably a Mundukuru name.<\/em><\/p>\n

While for a long time the name Parintintin was used referring to the Kagwahiv groups in general, nowadays it only refers to the Kagwahiv groups living on the Indigenous Territories of Ipixuna and Nove de Janeiro.<\/em><\/p>\n

Area<\/strong>: Brazil, state of Amazonas, municipality of Humait\u00e1, IT of Ipixuna and Nove de Janeiro.<\/p>\n

Classification<\/strong>: Tupi family<\/span>, Tupi-Guarani branch, group VI.<\/p>\n

We hereby follow the classification established by Jensen (1999).<\/p>\n

The Kagwahiv self-designation is shared over a set of groups whose idioms are very close and share a number of cultural features as well as the same social organization. Several sources consider it as one and the same language including different dialects.<\/p>\n

In that case two main dialectal groups are to be distinguished (as in Fabre, 2005):<\/p>\n

The North dialectal group, including the variants spoken by the Parintintin, the Tenharim, as well as the last surviving Juma.<\/p>\n

The South dialectal group, including the variants spoken by the Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau, the Amondawa (or Amunduva) and the Karipuna do Rond\u00f4nia (not to be confused with the Pano “Karipuna do Guapor\u00e9”).<\/p>\n

These different dialects essentially differ on a lexical level.<\/p>\n

All of these groups are believed to be descendants of the Cabahyba, who lived on the upper- Tapaj\u00f3s until the 18th century.<\/p>\n

Number of speakers<\/strong>: The Parintintin population counts 418 people, according to the FUNASA (2010). But the number of speakers of the ancestral language within this population it likely to be extremely low and probably doesn\u2019t exceed a dozen elderly people, according to UNESCO. Chances are that the younger generations have given up the language in favor of Portuguese.<\/p>\n

Language status<\/strong>: No official status.<\/p>\n

According to Linguam\u00f3n<\/em>: “Portuguese is the only official language of Brazil. Current linguistic legislation for other languages pertains only to the education sector, and in particular bilingual and intercultural primary school teaching (exclusively in indigenous communities). In reality, there are, however, very few qualified bilingual teachers”.<\/p>\n

Vitality & Transmission<\/strong>: In the Parintintin communities, as it appears, the language has been given up in favor of Portuguese for generations and the last speakers are very old. The Kawahib language in the Parintintin group is on the brink of extinction.<\/p>\n

UNESCO considers the language “critically endangered”.<\/p>\n

\n

Historical observations<\/h5>\n

The Kagwahiv are among the peoples of Brazil who were studied by Claude L\u00e9vi-Strauss during his visit to Brazil in 1935 (he calls them “Tupi-Cawahib”), and to whom he devoted a whole chapter in Tristes Tropiques<\/em> (1955).<\/p>\n

They were “pacified” by an expedition led by Curt Nimuendaj\u00f9 in 1923, retracing their origins to the Cabahyba, who lived on the upper-Tapajos until the 18th century.<\/p>\n

They were chased away by the Munduruku (another Tupi group, non-Guarani), armed by the Portuguese. They moved west, probably scattered into smaller groups, one wave after the other, which could explain the multiplicity of “Kagwahiv” groups. There might have been over twenty of them in the beginning of the 20th century. Most of them have disappeared nowadays. Despite occasional inner conflicts, the Kagwahiv remain recognized as one and the same people.<\/p>\n

They now live on small patches of land, scattered over the vast territory they use to occupy, chased away by mining operators, landlords, and divided by the ongoing construction of the trans-Amazonian highway.<\/p>\n

\n

Ethnographical observations<\/h5>\n

The Kagwahiv societies are characterized (with rare exceptions) by social dualism, i.e. a society made of two moieties, two distinct and exclusive groups, where an individual belongs to either one or the other. In the Parintintin society, these two moieties have bird names: Mutum <\/em>(curassow, in English, a galliform, a bird that does not fly) and Kwand\u00f9 <\/em>(the harpy eagle, one of the largest birds of prey in Amazonia).<\/p>\n

The moieties are patrilineal (the individual belongs to the same moiety as their father) and exogamous (marriage occurs between members of opposite moieties). The two moieties are common to almost all the Kagwahiv; the mutum (or mytum) is always the animal symbolizing the first moiety, but the animal symbolizing the second moiety varies: Tarav\u00e9 (a yellow and blue ara) for the Tenharim population, Kanind\u00e9 (also an ara) for the Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau, etc.<\/p>\n

This social system appears unique among Tupi-Guarani language populations. It may have been inherited from the Rikbatska, a Macro-J\u00ea language population who used to neighbor ancestors of the Kagwahiv.<\/p>\n

For the Parintintin, however, this dualist society is complexified by the existence of a “third category”, Gwyrai\u2019gw\u00e1ra \u2013 whose members are considered Kwand\u00f9 without being submitted to exogamous practices \u2013, symbolized by the jap\u00f9 (or oropendola), a small swamp bird.<\/p>\n

Parintintin villages are relatively small and traditionally organized around one common house home to several families. These common houses, these days, tend to disappear in favor of individual family houses.<\/p>\n

For more on the Parintintin and Kagwahiv populations, please refer to the excellent Povos Ind\u00edgenas no Brasil<\/em><\/a> website.<\/p>\n

As well, of course, as the work of Claude L\u00e9vi-Strauss.<\/p>\n

\n

Sources<\/h5>\n

De Castro Alves, Fl\u00e1via (2010). Brazil Amz\u00f3nico<\/em>. In \u00ab\u00a0Atlas socioling\u00fc\u00edstico de pueblos ind\u00edgenas en Am\u00e9rica Latina<\/a> \u00bb, UNICEF. Tome 1, Pp 245- 264<\/p>\n

Fabre, Alain. 2005. Diccionario etnoling\u00fc\u00edstico y gu\u00eda bibliogr\u00e1fica de los pueblos ind\u00edgenas sudamericanos<\/em>. Available for online consultation<\/a> [26\/10\/2011]<\/p>\n

\n

Online sources<\/h5>\n

Data collected by UNICEF on Parintintin<\/a> [26\/10\/2011]<\/p>\n

Pages on Parintintin on the Povos Ind\u00edgenas no Brasil<\/em> website<\/a> [26\/10\/2011]<\/p>\n

Page on Kagwahiv (here Kawahib) on the Linguam\u00f3n <\/em>website<\/a> [26\/10\/2011]<\/p>\n

\n

Additional bibliography<\/h5>\n

Betts, LaVera. 1981. Dicion\u00e1rio Parintint\u00edn-Portugu\u00eas, Portugu\u00eas-Parintint\u00edn<\/em>. Bras\u00edlia: SIL.<\/p>\n

Jensen, Cheryl (1999).”Tupi-Guarani”. InThe Amazonian languages<\/em>, R.M.W. Dixon and Alexandra Y.Aikhenvald (eds) Cambridge University Press, 1999<\/p>\n

Kracke, Waud H.1984. “Kagwahiv moieties: form without function?”. In: K. Kensinger (ed.), Marriage practices in lowland South America<\/em>: 99-124. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.<\/p>\n

L\u00e9vi-Strauss, Claude 1948. “The Tupi-Cawahib”. HSAI <\/em>3: 299-305.<\/p>\n

L\u00e9vi-Strauss, Claude 1955. “Tupi-Kawahib”. In: C. L\u00e9vi-Strauss, Tristes tropiques<\/em>: 379-445. Par\u00eds.<\/p>\n

Nimuendaj\u00fa, Curt 1924. “Os Parintint\u00edn do rio Madeira”. JSAP <\/em>16: 201-278.<\/p>\n

Peggion, Edmundo Ant\u00f4nio 1996. Forma e fun\u00e7\u00e3o. Uma etnografia do sistema de parentesco Tenharim (Kagwahiv, AM)<\/em>, Disserta\u00e7\u00e3o de Mestrado. Campinas: UNICAMP.<\/p>\n

Rodrigues, Aryon D. (1999), “Tupi” . In The Amazonian languages<\/em>, R.M.W. Dixon and Alexandra Y.Aikhenvald (eds) Cambridge University Press, 1999<\/p>\n

\n

See Atlas socioling\u00fc\u00edstico de pueblos ind\u00edgenas en Am\u00e9rica Latina<\/em><\/a> and Fabre (2005)<\/a> for further bibliographical resources.<\/p>\n

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Data collected by UNICEF Data on the Parintintin language Alternative names: Kagwahiv, Kawahib, Cabahyba, Tupi-Kawahib “Kagwahiv” means “us, our people”; it is the self-designation shared by several groups living on the middle and upper-Rio Madeira, and in the center of the state of Rond\u00f4nia. The group furthest north is usually designated under the name “Parintintin” […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-60167","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nParintintin - Sorosoro<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sorosoro.org\/en\/parintintin\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Parintintin - Sorosoro\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Data collected by UNICEF Data on the Parintintin language Alternative names: Kagwahiv, Kawahib, Cabahyba, Tupi-Kawahib “Kagwahiv” means “us, our people”; it is the self-designation shared by several groups living on the middle and upper-Rio Madeira, and in the center of the state of Rond\u00f4nia. 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