{"id":57895,"date":"2011-09-28T22:01:30","date_gmt":"2011-09-28T20:01:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.sorosoro.org\/?page_id=57895"},"modified":"2011-10-24T18:23:49","modified_gmt":"2011-10-24T16:23:49","slug":"kaingang","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.sorosoro.org\/en\/kaingang\/","title":{"rendered":"Kaing\u00e1ng"},"content":{"rendered":"

Data collected by UNICEF<\/em><\/p>\n

Data on the Kaing\u00e1ng\u00a0language<\/h5>\n

Alternative names<\/strong>:\u00a0Kanhg\u00e1g, Caingangue, Coroado, Taven, Kadyrukr\u00e9, Guayan\u00e1, Botocudo<\/p>\n

Most alternative names are now obsolete. Kaing\u00e1ng, spelled in various ways, is the name which the speakers use for the language.<\/em><\/p>\n

Main dialects<\/strong>:\u00a0According to Ursula Wiesemann of SIL, there are currently five main dialects of kaing\u00e1ng:<\/p>\n

The kaing\u00e1ng spoken in S\u00e3o Paulo<\/strong>, between the Tiet\u00ea and Paranapanema\u00a0rivers; the kaing\u00e1ng of Paran\u00e1<\/strong> between the Paranapanema and Igua\u00e7u\u00a0rivers; the central dialect<\/strong>, between the Igua\u00e7u and Uruguay rivers; the south-west dialect<\/strong>, between areas south of the river Uruguay and west of the Passo Fundo river; and the south-east dialect<\/strong>, between the areas south of the river Uruguay and east of the Passo Fundo river.<\/p>\n

Classification<\/strong>:\u00a0Kaing\u00e1ng is a J\u00ea language (southern J\u00ea branch), of the Macro-J\u00ea family<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Information sourced from Aryon Rodrigues (1999)<\/p>\n

Some sources from the 1960s considered Xokl\u00e9ng to be a dialect of Kaing\u00e1ng. Current usage differentiates the two languages.<\/em><\/p>\n

Geographical area<\/strong>:\u00a0The Brazilian states of Paran\u00e1, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and S\u00e3o Paulo.<\/p>\n

The population is distributed across 30 or so \u201cindigenous territories\u201d, but there are also speakers on the fringes of these areas. Kaing\u00e1ng\u2019s presence is also attested in urban areas, such as S\u00e3o Paulo.<\/p>\n

Number of speakers<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

– Ethnic population: According to the ISA\u2019s (Instituto Socioambiental<\/a>) 2006 census, the total population has grown to 28 000 people. However, the 2009 FUNASA census gives the figure of 33 064 speakers. According to PIB (Povos Ind\u00edgenas no Brasil<\/a>), these figures need to be seen as a \u201crough estimate\u201d rather than a comprehensive census. Kaing\u00e1ng speakers are most likely the biggest population of J\u00ea speakers.<\/p>\n

– Number of speakers: It is difficult to obtain exact figures on the number of speakers of Kaing\u00e1ng. The Linguam\u00f3n website estimates that there are 18 000 speakers, whereas Unesco gives a figure of 18 500 speakers.<\/p>\n

Official status of Kaing\u00e1ng<\/strong>:\u00a0Kaing\u00e1ng has no official status.<\/p>\n

According to Linguam\u00f3n<\/em>: \u201cPortuguese is the only official language of Brazil. Current linguistic legislation for other languages pertains only to the education sector, and in particular bilingual and intercultural primary school teaching (exclusively in indigenous communities). In reality, there are, however, very few qualified bilingual teachers\u201d.<\/p>\n

Teaching<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

We are beginning to see some bilingual teaching in Kaing\u00e1ng\/Portuguese, but it is restricted to only the first year of school. Linguam\u00f3n says that schools are not really providing \u201ctrue\u201d bilingual education as they are \u201cfavouring the use of Portuguese\u201d.<\/p>\n

Vitality and Transmission<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

Kaing\u00e1ng is an endangered language according to Unesco criteria.<\/p>\n

In reality, the situation differs depending on the area and the community: in areas like Iva\u00ed and Faxinal, there are still a few people who remain monolingual in their native language, while in other regions, like some villages of S\u00e3o Paulo, Kaing\u00e1ng is no longer spoken at all. It would seem that the vast majority of speakers are bilingual in Portuguese and Kaing\u00e1ng. A feeling that the language is a symbol of the speakers\u2019 identity remains. Kaing\u00e1ng is one of the most studied and documented J\u00ea languages.<\/p>\n

\n

Ethnographic and sociological observations<\/h5>\n

Like other Amazonian cultures, particularly those using j\u00ea languages, Kaing\u00e1ng society is traditionally dualist. That is, society is divided into two moieties<\/em>, two distinct and exclusive groups, with each individual belonging to one or the other group.<\/p>\n

The myth of the origins of the Kaing\u00e1ng recounts the tale of two founding brothers, Kam\u00e9<\/em> and Kairu<\/em>. After a huge flood, the brothers climbed out of the top of the Crinjijimb\u00e9s<\/em> mountain and then proceeded to create and name the animals and plants. This division between Kam\u00e9<\/em> and Kairu<\/em> is a concept which applies to people, the structure of society and the surrounding environment: \u201cthe sun is Kam\u00e9<\/em>, while the moon is Kairu<\/em>; the Pine is Kam\u00e9<\/em>, while the Cedar is Kairu<\/em>; lizards are Kam\u00e9<\/em> while monkeys are Kairu<\/em>, etc\u201d. In the Kaing\u00e1ng creation myth, Kam\u00e9<\/em> represents perfection, permanence and achievement, and Kairu<\/em> signifies imperfection, impulsivity and lack of achievement. This dualism is common in Amerindian cultures: Levi-Strauss even made it the subject of one of his books, The Story of Lynx<\/em>.<\/p>\n

As mentioned above, each individual belongs to one of the two groups in Kaing\u00e1ng society. Marriages are exogamous between the two groups: a kam\u00e9<\/em> man must marry a kairu<\/em> woman and vice-versa. Kaing\u00e1ng society is matrilocal<\/em>, but patrilineal<\/em>. Therefore, a young married couple will live with the wife\u2019s family, but whether they will belong to one or the other group is determined by the father, and the name given to a child is based on the group to which it belongs.<\/p>\n

Although a more sedentary lifestyle, Western social models and economic difficulties have affected Kaing\u00e1ng society today with regard to social organisation, religion and ritual, traces of traditional social organisation remain in Kaing\u00e1ng villages and territories.<\/p>\n

\n

Historical observations<\/h5>\n

Like other populations living in the forests close to the Atlantic Coast (the Guaranis-Kiow\u00e1 or Mby\u00e1, for example) the Kaing\u00e1ng had early contact with Portuguese colonies in the 16th century.<\/p>\n

The urban and agricultural developments inherited from \u201cWestern\u201d colonial society have gradually reduced the native territories of the Kaing\u00e1ng to small \u201creserves\u201d. In these reserves, the environment has been degraded and the people have been subjected to forced settlement and have had to abandon their traditional way of life including hunting and fishing practices.<\/p>\n

Today, the Kaing\u00e1ng survive by working on agricultural plots administered by the FUNAI (the Brazilian National Indian Foundation) either on family or artisanal farms. Some work as agricultural labourers on \u201cWestern\u201d farms that have encroached on their lands.<\/p>\n

The Kaing\u00e1ng people are in a constant battle for the restitution of the lands which were taken from them. The lands on which they now live are too small to guarantee the survival of the whole population.<\/p>\n

For more information on the Kaing\u00e1ng, check out the invaluable Povos Ind\u00edgenas no Brasil<\/a><\/em> site.<\/p>\n

Also, see the Portalkaingang<\/a><\/em> site (in Portuguese).<\/p>\n

\n

Sources<\/h5>\n

De Castro Alves, Fl\u00e1via (2010). Brasil no Amaz\u00f3nico<\/em>. In \u00ab\u00a0Atlas socioling\u00fc\u00edstico de pueblos ind\u00edgenas en Am\u00e9rica Latina<\/a> \u00bb (Sociolinguistic atlas of the indigenous peoples of Latin America \u2013 In Spanish), UNICEF. Volume 1, pp 265-280.<\/p>\n

Fabre, Alain. 2005. Diccionario etnoling\u00fc\u00edstico y gu\u00eda bibliogr\u00e1fica de los pueblos ind\u00edgenas sudamericanos<\/em>. (Ethnolinguistic dictionary and bibliographic guide on the indigenous peoples of South America) Online version<\/a> (in Spanish) [20\/04\/2011]<\/p>\n

\n

Web sources<\/h5>\n

Data collected by UNICEF on the kaing\u00e1ng<\/a> (in Spanish)<\/p>\n

Information on the Kaing\u00e1ng on the <\/a>Povos Ind\u00edgenas no Brasil<\/a><\/em> site<\/a><\/p>\n

Information on kaing\u00e1ng on the <\/a>Linguam\u00f3n<\/a><\/em> site<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

Additional bibliography<\/h5>\n

CIMI REGIONAL SUL. 1984.\u00a0 Toldo Chimbangue : hist\u00f3ria e luta Kaingang em Santa Catarina<\/em>. Xanxer\u00ea : Cimi (in Portuguese)<\/p>\n

D\u2019ANGELIS, Wilmar da Rocha. 2002. Kaingang : quest\u00f5es de l\u00edngua e identidade<\/em>. Rev. Liames, Campinas : Unicamp, n. 2, p. 105-28 (in Portuguese)<\/p>\n

Bastos, Jacqueline Narciso &\u00a0 M\u00e1rcia Regina Pereira Sagaz 2005. A identidade \u00e9tnica dos \u00cdndios urbanos na Gde.Florian\u00f3polis<\/a><\/em> (in Portuguese)<\/p>\n

L\u00e9vi-Strauss, Claude. 1991. Histoire de lynx<\/em>. Plon, Paris (in French ; published in English as \u201cThe Story of Lynx\u201d)<\/p>\n

Rodrigues, Ayron D. (1999). \u00ab\u00a0Macro-J\u00ea\u00a0\u00bb In R.M.W. Dixon and Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, (eds) The Amazonian languages<\/em>,\u00a0Cambridge University Press.<\/p>\n

\n

See Atlas socioling\u00fc\u00edstico de pueblos ind\u00edgenas en Am\u00e9rica Latina<\/em><\/a> (Sociolinguistic Atlas of the Indigenous Peoples of Latin America \u2013 in Spanish) and Fabre (2005)<\/a> for a more complete bibliography.<\/p>\n

\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Data collected by UNICEF Data on the Kaing\u00e1ng\u00a0language Alternative names:\u00a0Kanhg\u00e1g, Caingangue, Coroado, Taven, Kadyrukr\u00e9, Guayan\u00e1, Botocudo Most alternative names are now obsolete. Kaing\u00e1ng, spelled in various ways, is the name which the speakers use for the language. Main dialects:\u00a0According to Ursula Wiesemann of SIL, there are currently five main dialects of kaing\u00e1ng: The kaing\u00e1ng spoken […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-57895","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nKaing\u00e1ng - Sorosoro<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sorosoro.org\/en\/kaingang\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Kaing\u00e1ng - Sorosoro\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Data collected by UNICEF Data on the Kaing\u00e1ng\u00a0language Alternative names:\u00a0Kanhg\u00e1g, Caingangue, Coroado, Taven, Kadyrukr\u00e9, Guayan\u00e1, Botocudo Most alternative names are now obsolete. 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