{"id":5455,"date":"2009-11-10T20:44:22","date_gmt":"2009-11-10T19:44:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.sorosoro.org\/?page_id=5455"},"modified":"2011-10-28T09:58:20","modified_gmt":"2011-10-28T07:58:20","slug":"macro-je-language-family","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.sorosoro.org\/en\/macro-je-language-family\/","title":{"rendered":"Macro-J\u00ea language family"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Where are the Macro-J\u00ea languages spoken?<\/h5>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">These languages are spoken in Brazil, over an area stretching from the Amazon Basin to the Uruguayan boarder.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Total number of speakers (estimates)<\/h5>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Around 50,000 according to Aryon Rodrigues (AR, 1999)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Classification<\/h5>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Nowadays the Macro-J\u00ea family counts between 17 and 19 active languages.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">J\u00ea subfamily<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 30px;\">North-eastern branch: extinct<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 30px;\">Northern branch<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 60px;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 60px;\"><strong>Apinaj\u00e9<\/strong>: 1,500 speakers according to the UNESCO, 720 according to AR<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 60px;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 60px;\"><strong>Kayap\u00f3<\/strong>: 7,266 speakers according to the UNESCO, 5,000 according to AR<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 60px;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 60px;\"><strong>Panar\u00e1<\/strong>: 160 speakers according to AR<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 60px;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 60px;\"><strong>Suy\u00e1<\/strong>: 60 to 200 speakers according to AR<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 60px;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 60px;\"><strong>Tambira <\/strong>(dialectal group): 2,800 speakers according to AR<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 30px;\">Central branch<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 60px;\"><strong>Xav\u00e1nte<\/strong>: 13,303 speakers according to the UNESCO, 9,000 according to AR<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 60px;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 60px;\"><strong>Xer\u00e9nte<\/strong>: 2,569 speakers according to the UNESCO, 1,550 according to AR<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 30px;\">Southern branch<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 60px;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 60px;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sorosoro.org\/en\/kaingang\">Kaing\u00e1ng<\/a><\/strong>: 20,000 speakers according to AR and 18 000 according to the UNESCO<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 60px;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 60px;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sorosoro.org\/en\/xokleng\">Xokl\u00e9ng<\/a><\/strong>:\u00a0 no more than 100 speakers according to the UNESCO<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 60px;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Kamak\u00e3 subfamily<\/span>: extinct<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Maxakal\u00ed subfamily<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 60px;\"><strong>Maxakal\u00ed<\/strong>: 1,271 speakers according to the UNESCO, 854 according to AR<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Kren\u00e1k subfamily<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 60px;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sorosoro.org\/en\/krenak\">Kren\u00e1k<\/a><\/strong>: 10 speakers according to the UNESCO, nearly extinct according to AR<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Puri subfamily<\/span>: extinct<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Kariri subfamily<\/span>: extinct<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Bor\u00f3ro subfamily<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 60px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sorosoro.org\/en\/bororo\"><strong>Bor\u00f3ro<\/strong><\/a>: 1,390 speakers according to the UNESCO<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 60px;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 60px;\"><strong>Umutina<\/strong>: 1 speaker according to AR, extinct according to the UNESCO<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Unclassified<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 60px;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 60px;\"><strong>Yat\u00ea<\/strong>: 1,000 speakers according to the UNESCO, 3,000 according to AR<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 60px;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 60px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sorosoro.org\/en\/karaja\"><strong>Karaj\u00e1<\/strong><\/a>: 1,500 speakers according to the UNESCO, 2,900 according to AR<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 60px;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 60px;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sorosoro.org\/en\/ofaye\">Ofay\u00e9<\/a><\/strong>: 12 speakers according to the UNESCO, 85 according to AR<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 60px;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 60px;\"><strong>Guato<\/strong>: 5 speakers according to AR<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 60px;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 60px;\"><strong>Rikbaktsa<\/strong>: 990 speakers according to AR<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Notes on the Macro-J\u00ea languages classification<\/h5>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">We hereby follow the classification as provided by Aryon Rodrigues (1999).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The association of the J\u00ea language family to the Kamak\u00e3, Kren\u00e1k, Pur, and Kariri familys as well as to the Guato and Rikbaktsa isolates within a \u201csuper-family\u201d called Macro-J\u00ea is nowadays regarded as a highly probable hypothesis, despite the lack of data on some of these languages. However, the belonging of some of these languages to the family mentioned above is still under debate, especially Yat\u00e9 and Guato.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In an article that followed the one we used as reference, Rodrigues suggests a hypothetical relation between the J\u00ea, Tupi-Guarani, and Carib languages, within a \u201cJ\u00ea-Tupi-Carib\u201d family, which would stand as a major Amerindian language \u201cmacro family\u201d. This hypothesis is yet to be sufficiently demonstrated at this point, and therefore we have chosen not to introduce it in the present classification.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Are the Macro-J\u00ea languages endangered?<\/h5>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Yes. Many languages belonging to this family (over half of them!) have disappeared in the course of the 20th Century.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Umutina<\/strong> is probably the last one to have reached extinction.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Kren\u00e1k<\/strong> and<strong> Guato<\/strong> are about to disappear, if not already extinct.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Yat\u00ea<\/strong>, <strong>Rikbaktsa<\/strong> and <strong>Xer\u00e9nte <\/strong>are considered as \u201cseriously endangered\u201d by the UNESCO, and all the other languages of this family are more or less under threat.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sources<\/h5>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Rodrigues, Ayron D. (1999). \u00ab Macro-J\u00ea \u00bb In R.M.W. Dixon and Alexandra Y.Aikhenvald, (eds) The Amazonian languages, Cambridge University Press.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Where are the Macro-J\u00ea languages spoken? These languages are spoken in Brazil, over an area stretching from the Amazon Basin to the Uruguayan boarder. Total number of speakers (estimates) Around 50,000 according to Aryon Rodrigues (AR, 1999) Classification Nowadays the Macro-J\u00ea family counts between 17 and 19 active languages. J\u00ea subfamily North-eastern branch: extinct Northern [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5455","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Macro-J\u00ea language family - Sorosoro<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sorosoro.org\/en\/macro-je-language-family\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Macro-J\u00ea language family - Sorosoro\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Where are the Macro-J\u00ea languages spoken? 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