{"id":52765,"date":"2011-07-13T05:10:12","date_gmt":"2011-07-13T03:10:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.sorosoro.org\/?page_id=52765"},"modified":"2011-07-13T05:10:12","modified_gmt":"2011-07-13T03:10:12","slug":"karaja","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.sorosoro.org\/en\/karaja\/","title":{"rendered":"Karaj\u00e1"},"content":{"rendered":"

Data collected by the UNICEF<\/em><\/p>\n

Data on the Karaj\u00e1 language<\/h5>\n

Alternate names<\/strong>: Caraiauna, Caraj\u00e1, Xambio\u00e1, Java\u00e9, Yn\u00e3, Iny, Ini.<\/p>\n

Although \u201cKaraj\u00e1\u201d is the most widely spread name, it would have a pejorative connotation. \u201cIny\u201d corresponds to the auto-ethnonym of the people.<\/em><\/p>\n

Main dialects<\/strong>: there are three main dialects. One of them is also called Karaj\u00e1, the two others are Xambio\u00e1 and Java\u00e9. A distinction is often made in the Karaj\u00e1 dialect between Northern Karaj\u00e1 and Southern Karaj\u00e1.<\/p>\n

These dialects are often considered as full-fledged languages by certain linguists.<\/p>\n

As for other Amerindian languages, there is also a difference between the language used by men and the language used by women, although they understand each other perfectly well. These two variations bear phonological and lexical differences.<\/p>\n

Classification<\/strong>: Macro-J\u00ea Phylum<\/a>, Karaj\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Karaja is included in Rodrigues review (1999), which by the way has been considered as an isolate for a long time, in a \u201cJ\u00ea macro-family\u201d including the J\u00ea languages themselves and other isolated languages or families such as the Kamak\u00e3 , Maxakal\u00ed, Kren\u00e1k, Pur and Kariri families as well as Guato, Ofay\u00e9 and Rikbaktsa.<\/p>\n

This \u201cMacro J\u00ea phylum\u201d is a hypothesis now considered as highly possible, despite the lack of data on some of these languages.<\/p>\n

Geographic area<\/strong>: Brazil, States of Tocantins, Par\u00e1, Goi\u00e1s, Mato Grosso. The 29 Karaj\u00e1 villages are settled along the Rio Araguaia which serves as a border to four Brazilian states, along the Rio Java\u00e9s and on the island of Bananal, the world’s largest river island, in the middle of the Rio Araguaia.<\/p>\n

Number of speakers: According to the FUNASA (2010), the Karaj\u00e1 population is of 3,198 people. The exact number of speakers isn’t known for sure, but the percentage of speakers of the ancestral language would be very high among the Karaj\u00e1 population. Estimations vary from 1,500 to 3,000 speakers (Fabre 2005). The low estimation might only concern the Karaj\u00e1 dialect. The similarity between the name of the language and the dialect may be misleading. The Karaj\u00e1 dialect has the highest number of speakers, whereas Xambio\u00e1 has the lowest (approximately 200 people).<\/p>\n

Status of the language<\/strong>: No official status.<\/p>\n

According to Linguam\u00f3n<\/em>: \u201cPortuguese is Brazil’s only official language. The country’s only linguistic legislation concerning other tongues refers to schooling and is restricted to bilingual and intercultural primary education (exclusively in indigenous communities), although there are actually few trained bilingual teachers.\u201d<\/p>\n

Vitality and Transmission<\/strong>: Despite a globally positive representation of the language among the Karaj\u00e1 communities, the language should be considered as endangered, at least because of the limited population and uprising pressure applied by \u201cWestern\u201d society.<\/p>\n

In certain villages such as Xambio\u00e1 or Aruan\u00e3, Portuguese has become the main language and we could fear an abandonment of the language. In other villages however, the language is holding steady, it is still transmitted and is the mother tongue of children who learn Portuguese at school.<\/p>\n

Teaching<\/strong>: According to Linguam\u00f3n<\/em>: The Karaj\u00e1 communities were \u201cone of the first in which the intercultural bilingual education programme was put into practice, in around 1972. However, as is the case throughout Brazil, indigenous language education is merely symbolic. Caraj\u00e1’s inclusion in primary education meant that orthography had to be developed for the language. The approach taken towards teaching places great emphasis on oral tradition.\u201d<\/p>\n

\n

Historical observations<\/h5>\n

The Karaj\u00e1 have a long history of contact with western society. The first contacts date back to the 18th century and have increased over time. During the 20th century, the Karaj\u00e1 villages had become \u201ceasy targets\u201d for the numerous religious movements, official visits (including two presidents), journalists, researchers and tourists.<\/p>\n

Karaj\u00e1 crafts: \u201cceramic dolls\u201d, basketwork, the popular ritual headgear and the art of body painting have fascinated photographers and anthropologists.<\/p>\n

These contacts brought with them traditional curses: adopting a sedentary lifestyle, loss of culture, diseases, alcoholism and malnutrition. Nevertheless, the Karaj\u00e1 are one of the Amerindian people of Brazil who managed to preserve their culture, fashion and language best, all the while keeping in touch with Brazilian society and even playing a political part. They are a part of the native people up to date with social, cultural and territorial demands.<\/p>\n

For more information on the Karaj\u00e1n see pages dedicated to them on the must-see Povos Ind\u00edgenas no Brasil<\/em> website<\/a> (in English\/Portuguese).<\/p>\n

\n

Sources<\/h5>\n

De Castro Alves, Fl\u00e1via (2010). Brasil no Amaz\u00f3nico<\/em>. In \u00ab Atlas socioling\u00fc\u00edstico de pueblos ind\u00edgenas en Am\u00e9rica Latina<\/a> \u00bb, UNICEF. Part 1, pp 265-280.<\/p>\n

Fabre, Alain. 2005. Diccionario etnoling\u00fc\u00edstico y gu\u00eda bibliogr\u00e1fica de los pueblos ind\u00edgenas sudamericanos<\/em>. Available online<\/a> [09\/06\/2011]<\/p>\n

\n

Online sources<\/h5>\n

Data collected by the UNICEF on Karaj\u00e1<\/a> [09\/06\/2011]<\/p>\n

Pages dedicated to the Karaj\u00e1 on the Povos Ind\u00edgenas no Brasil <\/em>website<\/a> (in English\/Portuguese) [09\/06\/2011]<\/p>\n

Page dedicated to Karaj\u00e1 on the Linguam\u00f3n<\/em> website<\/a> [09\/06\/2011]<\/p>\n

\n

Additional bibliography<\/h5>\n

Maia, Marcus Ant\u00f4nio Rezende. 2001. Representa\u00e7\u00f5es da educa\u00e7\u00e3o Karaj\u00e1<\/em>. Revista Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Sociedade XXII\/75. Campinas: CEDES.<\/p>\n

Ribeiro, Eduardo Rivail. 2006. Subordinate clauses in Karaj\u00e1<\/em>. Boletim do MPEG, 1\/1: 17-47.<\/p>\n

Rodrigues, Ayron D. 1999. \u00ab\u00a0Macro-J\u00ea\u00a0\u00bb In R.M.W. Dixon and Alexandra Y.Aikhenvald, (eds) The Amazonian languages<\/em>,\u00a0 Cambridge University Press.<\/p>\n

Rodrigues, Ayron D. 2004. Sobre a poss\u00edvel origem da diferen\u00e7a fon\u00e9tica entre a fala feminina e a masculina em Karaj\u00e1<\/em>. LIAMES, 4.<\/p>\n

\n

See the Atlas socioling\u00fc\u00edstico de pueblos ind\u00edgenas en Am\u00e9rica Latina<\/em><\/a> and Fabre (2005)<\/a> for a complete bibliography.<\/p>\n

\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Data collected by the UNICEF Data on the Karaj\u00e1 language Alternate names: Caraiauna, Caraj\u00e1, Xambio\u00e1, Java\u00e9, Yn\u00e3, Iny, Ini. Although \u201cKaraj\u00e1\u201d is the most widely spread name, it would have a pejorative connotation. \u201cIny\u201d corresponds to the auto-ethnonym of the people. Main dialects: there are three main dialects. One of them is also called Karaj\u00e1, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-52765","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nKaraj\u00e1 - Sorosoro<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sorosoro.org\/en\/karaja\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Karaj\u00e1 - Sorosoro\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Data collected by the UNICEF Data on the Karaj\u00e1 language Alternate names: Caraiauna, Caraj\u00e1, Xambio\u00e1, Java\u00e9, Yn\u00e3, Iny, Ini. Although \u201cKaraj\u00e1\u201d is the most widely spread name, it would have a pejorative connotation. \u201cIny\u201d corresponds to the auto-ethnonym of the people. Main dialects: there are three main dialects. 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Although \u201cKaraj\u00e1\u201d is the most widely spread name, it would have a pejorative connotation. \u201cIny\u201d corresponds to the auto-ethnonym of the people. Main dialects: there are three main dialects. 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