{"id":50428,"date":"2011-06-15T01:11:28","date_gmt":"2011-06-14T23:11:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.sorosoro.org\/?page_id=50428"},"modified":"2011-06-15T01:11:28","modified_gmt":"2011-06-14T23:11:28","slug":"terena","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.sorosoro.org\/en\/terena\/","title":{"rendered":"Terena"},"content":{"rendered":"

Data collected by the UNICEF<\/em><\/p>\n

Data on the Terena\u00a0language<\/h5>\n

Alternative names<\/strong>: Guana, Tereno, Kinikinau, Kinikin\u00e1wa.<\/p>\n

Main dialects<\/strong>: Kinikinau.<\/p>\n

Knowing if Kinikinau is a dialectal variation of Terena or if it is an independent language, yet close to Terena, is a tricky question given actual knowledge. Kinikinau has been rarely studied and considered as a dead language for a long time. The Kinikinau also have been confused with the Terena by Brazilian institutions (see below). Fabre (2005) treats Kinikinau as a dialect of Terena \u201cby default\u201d, pending further knowledge.<\/em><\/p>\n

Classification<\/strong>: Arawak family<\/a>, Southern Arawak branch.<\/p>\n

It appears Terena and Kinikinau are the only two surviving variations of Guana. Guana was also spoken by the Chan\u00e9s, before they were \u201ccolonized\u201d by the Ava and dropped their language for their colonizers’.<\/em><\/p>\n

Geographical area<\/strong>: Brazil.<\/p>\n

The Terena live on a scattered territory, small \u201cislands\u201d surrounded by ranches and farms, especially in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, in the cities of Miranda, Aquidauana, Anast\u00e1cio, Dois Irm\u00e3os do Buriti, Sidrol\u00e2ndia, Nioaque and Rochedo. There are also Terenas on the indigenous territory of Kadiw\u00e9u and in the states of S\u00e3o Paulo and Mato Grosso.<\/p>\n

The Kinikinau mainly live in S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, Kadiw\u00e9u indigenous territory in Mato Grosso do Sul.<\/p>\n

Number of speakers<\/strong>: According to the ISA, the Terena population was of 19,961 people in 2006, but not all of them speak the language. The estimated number of speakers varies from 9,000 to 15,000 people.<\/p>\n

The Kinikinau population would be of 250 people (FUNASA, 2005), but the number of speakers is unknown. The UNESCO mentions 11 speakers, but this number is to be taken with precaution.<\/p>\n

Status of the language<\/strong>: No official status.<\/p>\n

According to Linguam\u00f3n: \u201cPortuguese is Brazil’s only official language. The country’s only linguistic legislation concerning other tongues refers to schooling and is restricted to bilingual and intercultural primary education (exclusively in indigenous communities), although there are actually few trained bilingual teachers.\u201d<\/p>\n

Vitality and transmission<\/strong>: The UNESCO considers Terena as \u201cseverely endangered\u201d (step 3 on a scale from 1 to 5) and Kinikinau as \u201ccritical\u201d (step 4).<\/p>\n

It is increasingly common for Terena youngsters to want to work in cities, and proficiency in Portuguese is thus held in ever-higher regard. Only half of the younger Terena population speak their own language fluently. It is expected that Portuguese will be the mother tongue of all Terena children in two generations’ time.<\/p>\n

According to Linguam\u00f3n<\/em>: \u201cThe Terena do not consider their language as essential for integration into their society or something which ought to be protected in order to preserve their collective identity. On the contrary, parents take pride in their children learning Portuguese as early as possible and there is a belief that bilingualism contributes to academic failure. Terena is almost exclusively spoken in family \u201csettings.\u201d<\/p>\n

The Kinikinau children would almost all be Portuguese speakers and very few of them would have knowledge of the ancestral language.<\/p>\n

\n

Historical and ethnographic observations<\/h5>\n

–\tThe Terena<\/span>:<\/p>\n

Such as the Chan\u00e9s, the Terena and the Kinikinau descend from the Guana, Arawak population from Chaco, one of the largest in the region before colonization. Recent studies tend to show that the Guana used to be farmers and were strictly organized as a hierarchy, divided between the \u201cnobility\u201d and the \u201cworking class\u201d.<\/p>\n

They shared their land with Mbaya tribes (from which the current Kadiw\u00e9u descend) and like them, they were forced by colonial pressure to move over the Rio Paraguay and settle on the west bank.<\/p>\n

As did the Kadiw\u00e9u, they played an important part in the war of Paraguay, but unlike the Kadiw\u00e9u, the Terena, allied with the Brazilians, had their territory serve as a battlefield. The villages and land they used to live on have been taken over. At the end of the war, they couldn’t get their land back where farmers and breeders – often war veterans – had settled.<\/p>\n

The war deeply altered the lifestyle of the Terena, limited to reduced territories and unable to carry on with ancestral farming, forced to work as labour force for the very same producers who deprived them of their territory. The very structure of the Terena society was altered and the traditional social organisation disappeared at the turn of the 20th century.<\/p>\n

The Terena remain one of the biggest indigenous populations in Mato Grosso do Sul. Street pedlars in the city, daily workers in ranches, their \u201cvisibility\u201d contributes to the stereotype implying that the Terena have no culture, that they are \u201curban Indians\u201d.<\/p>\n

But this stereotype masks the never-ending fight of the Terena to keep their language and culture alive despite the drastic changes to their environment and lifestyle, changes imposed by the colonial society and the state institutions.<\/p>\n

For more information on the Terena, see pages dedicated to them on the must-see website of the ISA, Povos Ind\u00edgenas no Brasil<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n

–\tThe Kinikinau<\/span>:<\/p>\n

In the 1970’s, several researchers concluded that the Kinikinau ethnic group no longer existed. That mistake was probably due to a bad classification by the protection service of Indians who labelled the members of this ethnic group in the Terena community whom they were close to. More recently, about 200 Kinikinau were found in the village of S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o in Murtinho.<\/p>\n

It’s one of the rare indigenous communities to which the Brazilian state did not assign any territory. Since their own land isn’t officially delimited, most of them live on the Kadiw\u00e9u indigenous territory and a few families on the Terena territory. All through their history, they never stopped claiming their right to have their own territory. To date, no action has ever been taken regarding those demands.<\/p>\n

For more information on the Kinikinau, see pages dedicated to them on the must-see website of the ISA, Povos Ind\u00edgenas no Brasil<\/a><\/em>.<\/p>\n

\n

Sources<\/h5>\n

De Castro Alves, Fl\u00e1via (2010). Brasil no Amaz\u00f3nico. In \u00ab Atlas socioling\u00fc\u00edstico de pueblos ind\u00edgenas en Am\u00e9rica Latina <\/a>\u00bb, UNICEF. Part 1, pp 265-280.<\/p>\n

Fabre, Alain. 2005. Diccionario etnoling\u00fc\u00edstico y gu\u00eda bibliogr\u00e1fica de los pueblos ind\u00edgenas sudamericanos. Available online<\/a> [18\/05\/2011]<\/p>\n

\n

Online sources<\/h5>\n

Data collected by the UNICEF on Terena<\/a> [18\/05\/2011]<\/p>\n

Page dedicated to Terena on the Povos Ind\u00edgenas no Brasil<\/em> website<\/a> [18\/05\/2011]<\/p>\n

Pages dedicated to the Kinikinau on the Povos Ind\u00edgenas no Brasil<\/em> website<\/a> [18\/05\/2011]<\/p>\n

Page dedicated to Terena on the Linguam\u00f3n <\/em>website<\/a> [18\/05\/2011]<\/p>\n

\n

Additional bibliography<\/h5>\n

Almeida, Mariene de Brito Kling 2005. O l\u00e9xico da l\u00edngua Ter\u00eana: proposta do dicion\u00e1rio infantil biling\u00fce Ter\u00eana-Portugu\u00eas<\/em>. Disserta\u00e7\u00e3o de Mestrado do Instituto de Letras. Bras\u00edlia: UnB.<\/p>\n

Bendor-Samuel, John T. 1961. An outline of the grammatical and phonological structure of Terena<\/em> I<\/em>. Bras\u00edlia: SIL-AL 90.<\/p>\n

Butler, Nancy E. 1978. Modo, extens\u00e3o temporal, tempo verbal e relev\u00e2ncia contrastiva na l\u00edngua Terena<\/em>. Bras\u00edlia: SILEL 1.<\/p>\n

Ladeira, Maria Elisa & Gilberto Azanha.1999. Terena<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Netto, Waldemar Ferreira & Maria Elisa Ladeira. 2000. A l\u00edngua Ter\u00eana no munic\u00edpio de Miranda (MS): an\u00e1lise macrosocioling\u00fc\u00edstica<\/em>. Ling\u00fc\u00edstica 12. Madrid: ALFAL.<\/p>\n

Oliveira, Dercir Pedro de & Miriam Moreira Alves 2005. Os Kinikinau: dados hist\u00f3ricos, vocabulares e ling\u00fc\u00edsticos<\/em>. Campo Grande, MS.<\/p>\n

Oliveira, Roberto Cardoso de. 1968. Urbaniza\u00e7\u00e3o e tribalismo: a integra\u00e7\u00e3o dos \u00edndios Ter\u00eana<\/em>. Rio de Janeiro: Ed. Zahar.<\/p>\n

Souza, Jos\u00e9 Luiz de & Giovani Jos\u00e9 da Silva. 2005. Kinikinau<\/a><\/em>.<\/p>\n

\n

See the Atlas socioling\u00fc\u00edstico de pueblos ind\u00edgenas en Am\u00e9rica Latina<\/a><\/em> and Fabre (2005)<\/a> for a complete bibliography.<\/p>\n

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Data collected by the UNICEF Data on the Terena\u00a0language Alternative names: Guana, Tereno, Kinikinau, Kinikin\u00e1wa. Main dialects: Kinikinau. Knowing if Kinikinau is a dialectal variation of Terena or if it is an independent language, yet close to Terena, is a tricky question given actual knowledge. 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