{"id":49580,"date":"2011-06-04T21:34:04","date_gmt":"2011-06-04T19:34:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.sorosoro.org\/?page_id=49580"},"modified":"2011-06-04T21:48:38","modified_gmt":"2011-06-04T19:48:38","slug":"yuki","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.sorosoro.org\/en\/yuki\/","title":{"rendered":"Yuki"},"content":{"rendered":"

Data collected by the UNICEF<\/em><\/p>\n

Data on the Yuki language<\/h5>\n

This language shall not be mistaken with North American Yuki (now dead) nor Mbya, a Guarani language of the first group.<\/em><\/p>\n

Alternative names<\/strong>: Yuqui, B\u00eda, Bi\u00e1 y\u00eb, Mbia<\/p>\n

The language is normally called Bi\u00e1 y\u00eb (\u201clanguage of the people\u201d), but the name \u201cYuki\u201d seems to be more accepted within the community.<\/em><\/p>\n

Classification<\/strong>: Tupi family<\/a>, Tupi-guarani languages, group II<\/p>\n

Geographic area<\/strong>: Bolivia, Cochabamba department, Carrasco province between the Rio Chimore and the Rio Ixilo in Bi\u00e1 Recuat\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Number of speakers<\/strong>: 140 speakers on a total population of 208 people, according to Crevels (2010).<\/p>\n

Status of the language<\/strong>: According to the supreme decree 25894 of September 11th, passed in the year 2000, Yuki is one of the \u201cnative languages recognized as official\u201d in Bolivia.<\/p>\n

Vitality and transmission<\/strong>: According to the UNESCO, Yuki is a \u201cseverely endangered\u201d language.<\/p>\n

Crevels (2010) yet underlines that a current thesis carried out by Callejas & Rioja would reveal a surprising liveliness of the Yuki language in the Bi\u00e1 Recuat\u00e9 community, which appears paradoxical compared to the process of cultural adaptation and negation of identity the Yukis suffer from.<\/p>\n

\n

Historical and ethnographic observations<\/h5>\n

The Yuki are the last Guarani people in Bolivia to have made contact with the colonial culture. In 1965, Evangelists of the New Tribes Mission met the first groups of nomad Yukis. In 1971, a few families have started to settle for a sedentary lifestyle before two other groups were contacted and moved to Bi\u00e1 Recuat in 1986 and 1989. These relationships weren’t always peaceful, they were even violent at times between the Yukis and the farmers or railway workers who overran their territory.<\/p>\n

Sedentary Yukis became entirely dependent on the missionaries who provided them with medicine, clothes but also food.<\/p>\n

Nomad hunters-gatherers by tradition, the Yukis never managed to adjust to the sedentary economic system and the agriculture, so they are not able to produce enough of their own food and can’t gather resources as they used to as nomads. The consequences of this \u201cmaladjustment\u201d to the sedentary way of life imposed by the missionaries and modern society are terrible for the Yuki people. 85% of the population suffers from tuberculosis and malnutrition, and many adults have developed an addiction to alcohol.<\/p>\n

It appears a group of approximately four Yuki families would still live as nomads in the area of the Rio Usurinta.<\/p>\n

In 1992, the Yukis constituted a Yuki Council, recognized as a representative organisation. This Council, along with the Yucar\u00e9 Council, constitutes the Coordination of Indigenous Peoples of Cochabamba, recognized by the government and member of the CIDOB.<\/p>\n

The Yuki were given a 127,000 hectare territory by the government, but the integrity of this territory is constantly stepped on by migrating non-local populations in this region undergoing economical growth.<\/p>\n

For more information on the Yukis, see pages dedicated to them on the website Amazonia.bo<\/a><\/em>.<\/p>\n

And the many books of Allyn Stearman McLean on the subject.<\/p>\n

\n

Sources<\/h5>\n

Crevels, Mily (2010) Bolivia Amaz\u00f3nica<\/em> In \u00ab Atlas socioling\u00fc\u00edstico de pueblos ind\u00edgenas en Am\u00e9rica Latina<\/a> \u00bb, UNICEF. Tome 1, pp 281-300.<\/p>\n

Fabre, Alain. 2005. Diccionario etnoling\u00fc\u00edstico y gu\u00eda bibliogr\u00e1fica de los pueblos ind\u00edgenas sudamericanos<\/em>. Available online<\/a> [05\/04\/2011]<\/p>\n

\n

Online sources<\/h5>\n

Data collected by the UNICEF on Yuki<\/a><\/p>\n

Page dedicated to Yuki on the Linguam\u00f3n <\/em>website<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

Additional bibliography<\/h5>\n

Melgar Ortiz, Erwin. 1990. Proceso de aculturaci\u00f3n en los Yuk\u00eds<\/em>. Tesis de la Universidad Mayor de San Sim\u00f3n. Cochabamba (ms.).<\/p>\n

Molina, Ramiro y Xavier Alb\u00f3. 2006. Gama \u00e9tnica y ling\u00fc\u00edstica de la poblaci\u00f3n boliviana<\/em>. La Paz: Sistema de las Naciones Unidas en Bolivia.<\/p>\n

PROEIB Andes. 2000. Estudios socioling\u00fc\u00edsticos y socioeducativos con pueblos originarios de tierras bajas de Bolivia<\/em>. Informe final. Cochabamba (Mimeo).<\/p>\n

Stearman McLean, Allyn. 1989. Yuqu\u00ed. Forest nomads in a changing world<\/em>. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Wilson.<\/p>\n

Stearman McLean, Allyn. 1995. Territorial rights and realities: The Yuqu\u00ed development project in Lowland Bolivia<\/em>. Bolivian Studies V\/1: 11-22.<\/p>\n

Teijeiro, Jos\u00e9. 2007. Regionalizaci\u00f3n y diversidad \u00e9tnica cultural en las tierras bajas y sectores del subandino amaz\u00f3nico y platense de Bolivia<\/em>. La Paz: Plural Editores.<\/p>\n

Villafa\u00f1e, Lucrecia 2004. Gram\u00e1tica Yuki: lengua Tup\u00ed-Guaran\u00ed de Bolivia<\/em>. Proefschrift Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen. Tucum\u00e1n: Ediciones del Rectorado, UNT.<\/p>\n

\n

See the Atlas socioling\u00fc\u00edstico de pueblos ind\u00edgenas en Am\u00e9rica Latina<\/a> and Fabre (2005)<\/a> for a complete bibliography.<\/p>\n

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Data collected by the UNICEF Data on the Yuki language This language shall not be mistaken with North American Yuki (now dead) nor Mbya, a Guarani language of the first group. Alternative names: Yuqui, B\u00eda, Bi\u00e1 y\u00eb, Mbia The language is normally called Bi\u00e1 y\u00eb (\u201clanguage of the people\u201d), but the name \u201cYuki\u201d seems to […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-49580","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nYuki - Sorosoro<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sorosoro.org\/en\/yuki\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Yuki - Sorosoro\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Data collected by the UNICEF Data on the Yuki language This language shall not be mistaken with North American Yuki (now dead) nor Mbya, a Guarani language of the first group. 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