{"id":48699,"date":"2011-05-24T11:39:22","date_gmt":"2011-05-24T09:39:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.sorosoro.org\/?page_id=48699"},"modified":"2017-02-07T17:02:04","modified_gmt":"2017-02-07T16:02:04","slug":"turoyo","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.sorosoro.org\/en\/turoyo\/","title":{"rendered":"Turoyo"},"content":{"rendered":"

Page by Jean Sibille, 2011.<\/em><\/p>\n


\n<\/em><\/p>\n

Data on the Turoyo language<\/h5>\n

Classification<\/strong>: African-Asian family<\/a>, group of Semitic languages, Western Aramaic branch.<\/p>\n

Turoyo is one of the modern languages originating from the western branch of Aramaic, Semitic language belonging to the group of Semitic languages of the North-West along with Hebrew and a certain amount of dead languages such as Phoenician, Amorite, Canaan and Ugaritic.<\/em><\/p>\n

Alternative names<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

Turani<\/em> (in Arabic)<\/p>\n

The term Surayt<\/em> (which is a variation of Suret) may refer to Turoyo but also to Sureth (or Neo-Aramaic of the North-East).<\/p>\n

Suryoyo<\/em> may refer to Turoyo but also to Syriac, also called Ktovonoyo<\/em> \u201clanguage of books\u201d.<\/p>\n

Main dialects<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

There’s a certain degree of variation within Turoyo. The dialects spoken in different villages are different from one another but are mutually understandable. The dominant dialect is Midyat. Within the Diaspora, many speakers use a mixture of the language from their village and Midyat.<\/em><\/p>\n

Mlahso, which used to be spoken in the villages of Mlahso and ‘Ansha near Diyarbak\u0131r, a hundred kilometres to the North-West of Tur-Adbin, is a distinctive but quite close form of Turoyo. Both villages were destroyed in 1915 during the Armenian genocide. A few speakers remained in the 90’s of the 20th century in the town of Qamishli in Syria.<\/em><\/p>\n

Geographic area<\/strong>: Turkey, especially in the area of Tur-Abdin (\u201cMountain of God’s servants\u201d). There are also speakers in the cities of Qamishli and Hassaka in Syria, and in the Diaspora, notably in Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland and Belgium. In France, there are Turoyo speakers on the outskirts of Paris, such as Montfermeil (93) and in the towns of Lyon and Marseille.<\/p>\n

Number of speakers<\/strong>: According to the UNESCO, there would be approximately 50,000 Turoyo speakers.<\/p>\n

Status of the language<\/strong>: No official status.<\/p>\n

Media and television<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

In Sweden, a TV channel of the Assuryamn-Chaldean-Syriac Diaspora, SouroyoTV<\/a>, is broadcasting programs in Sureth and Turoyo.<\/p>\n

Vitality and Transmittal<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

Turoyo is \u201cseverely endangered\u201d according to the UNESCO (step 3 on a scale of 1 to 5).<\/p>\n

Until recently, Turoyo was not (or rarely) used in its written form, despite several attempts at writing with the Syriac alphabet (Serto), encouraged by Western missionaries at the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century, the written language being Syriac (or Ktovonoyo \u201clanguage of books\u201d).<\/p>\n

In Sweden, upon request of the Ministry of Education, a writing system and standards for Turoyo into Latin letters was elaborated to serve education (there’s a major community of Turoyo speakers in this country). In Syria on the other hand, religious authorities advocate the teaching of Syriac (Ktoyonovo) only and certain religious leaders may have tried to discourage the use of written Turoyo, considered to be an \u201cimpure\u201d form of Syriac.<\/p>\n

Who speaks Turoyo<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

Turoyo speakers belong to the Syriac Orthodox Church<\/em> (which is the official given name \u2013 more traditional names are Syrian Orthodox Church<\/em> or Jacobite Church<\/em>) or to the Syriac Catholic Church<\/em> (or Syrian Catholic Church<\/em>) in the Tur-Abdin region in Turkey, in the province of Khabut in Syria (especially on the city of Qamishli) and in the Diaspora. All Turoyo speakers speak at least one other local language (Arabic, Kurdish, Turkish).<\/p>\n

Historical observations on Aramaic and Syriac<\/h5>\n

The first written proof of Aramaic dates back to the beginning of the first millennium before the Christian era. From the 7th century before our era, it became the administrative language of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, then of the Neo-Babylonian and Persian empires, and the lingua franca of the whole Near and Middle-East. In ancient times, there were an Eastern branch (Mesopotamia) and a Western branch (Palestine, Lebanon, Western Syria). Lapidary inscriptions and texts (Aramaic extracts from the Bible, Palestinian Targum, Babylonian Targum, Qumran manuscripts, Talmud…) testify to many dialects.<\/p>\n

In the beginning of the Christian era, Syriac, which would be the Aramaic dialect of Edessa (now Ourfa or Urfa in Turkey) became the classic languages of Western Christians. Syriac literature remained active until the 13th century. Syriac then became more confined to religious usage. Today, Syriac may be considered as a dead language, at least as communication language. However, it is still used for liturgy.<\/p>\n

Source<\/h5>\n

Jastrow, Otto.\u00a0The Turoyo language today.<\/a><\/p>\n

Bibliography<\/h5>\n

Language<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

Heinrichs Wolfhart 1990, \u00ab Written Turoyo\u00a0\u00bb,\u00a0 in Heinrichs W. (\u00e9d.), Studies in Neo-Aramaic<\/em>, Atlanta, pp. 181-188.<\/p>\n

Ishaq Yusuf 1988, Svensk-turabdinskt Lexicon, Leksiqon Swedoyo-Suryoyo<\/em>, Inbunden, Stockholm, 478 p. (dictionnaire su\u00e9dois-touroyo, touroyo-su\u00e9dois).<\/p>\n

Ishaq Yusuf 1990, \u00ab\u00a0Turoyo\u00a0– from Spoken to Written Language\u00a0\u00bb, in Heinrichs W. (\u00e9d.), Studies in Neo-Aramaic<\/em>, Atlanta, pp.189-199.<\/p>\n

Jastrow Otto V, \u00ab\u00a0The Turoyo Langauge [sic] Today\u00a0\u00bb, in Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies<\/em> (JAAS), vol. 1., pp. 7-16.<\/p>\n

Jastrow Otto 1997, \u00ab\u00a0The Neo-Aramaic\u00a0Languages\u00a0\u00bb, in Hetzron R. The Semitic Languages<\/em>, Routlege, Londres – New York, pp. 334-376.<\/p>\n

Jastrow Otto 1993 [1967], Laut und Formenlehre des neuaram\u00e4ischen Dialekts von M\u012bdin im T\u016br \u201bAbd\u012bn<\/em>, Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden, 308 p.<\/p>\n

Jastrow Otto 1994, Der neuaram\u00e4ischen Dialekt von Mla\u1e25s\u00f4<\/em>, Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden, 196 p.<\/p>\n

Jastrow Otto 1996, \u00ab\u00a0Passive formation in Turoyo and Mla\u1e25s\u00f4\u00a0\u00bb, Israel Oriental studies<\/em>, vol. 16.<\/p>\n

Jastrow Otto 1992, Lehrbuch der Turoyo-Sprache<\/em>, Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden, 216 p.<\/p>\n

Parisot Jean 1897,\u00a0\u00ab\u00a0Contribution \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude du dialecte n\u00e9o-syriaque du Tour-Abd\u00een\u00a0\u00bb, Actes du onzi\u00e8me congr\u00e8s international des orientalistes<\/em>, Paris.<\/p>\n

Prym E. & Socin A. 1881, Der neuaram\u00e4ische Dialekt des T\u016br \u201bAbd\u012bn<\/em>, G\u00f6ttingen, (2 vol.).<\/p>\n

Ritter Hellmut 1990, T\u016br\u014dyo. Die Volkssprache der syrischen Christen des T\u016br <\/em>\u0639Abd\u00een,<\/em> Stuttgart.<\/p>\n

Ritter Hellmut 1979, T\u016br\u014dyo. Die Volkssprache der syrischen Christen des T\u016br <\/em>\u0639Abd\u00een. W\u00f6rterbuch<\/em>, Beirut.<\/p>\n

Siegel Adolf 1923, Laut und Formenlehre des neuaram\u00e4ischen Dialekts des T\u016br \u201bAbd\u012bn<\/em>, Hannover.<\/p>\n

History, Culture<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

Anschutz H. 1984, Die syrischen Christen vom Tur \u201bAbdin\u00a0: Eine altchristliche Bev\u00f6lkerungsgruppe zwischen Beharrung, Stagnation und Aufl\u00f6sung,<\/em> W\u00fcrzburg.<\/p>\n

Courtois S\u00e9bastien de \u2013 2004, Les derniers Aram\u00e9ens, le peuple oubli\u00e9 de J\u00e9sus<\/em>, La Table Ronde, Paris, 162 p. (nombreuses photos)<\/p>\n

Courtois S\u00e9bastien de \u2013 2002, Le g\u00e9nocide oubli\u00e9. Chr\u00e9tiens d\u2019Orient, les derniers Aram\u00e9ens<\/em>, Ellipses, Paris, 298 p.<\/p>\n

Palmer A. 1990, Monk and mason on the Tigris frontier. The Early History of Tur \u201bAbdin<\/em>, University of Cambridge Oriental Publications, 289 p.<\/p>\n

To learn more…<\/h5>\n

You can also find free online courses of Turoyo here : www.surayt.com<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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